Comparison of various algorithms for improving acoustic attenuation performance and flow characteristic of reactive mufflers

The parametric optimization of the reactive mufflers is researched by numerical analysis, regarding the performance of the acoustic and flow fields synthetically. The finite element method, based on the Helmholtz equation and the Navier–Stokes equation respectively, is utilized in the analysis of the acoustic and flow fields. And the initial and boundary conditions are set up in the physical fields respectively. The weighting multi-objective function about acoustic and flow fields is formulated. In addition, the optimization results of multidisciplinary, obtained by the Nelder Mead algorithm (NMA) based on the sensitivity analysis, the Monte Carlo algorithm (MCA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on the random sampling, are analyzed comparatively. The optimization results indicate that the NMA can maximize the transmission loss (TL) and minimize the pressure drop with the given weight factor. Finally, numerical optimization examples confirm the validity and reliability of the proposed optimization method in the acoustic-flow field.     

主变压器噪声特性分析及复合隔声结构设计*

超高压变电站的主变压器的噪声影响已引起广泛关注。以某典型化设计的500kV变电站A的主变压器为例,进行了现场测试,得到其主变压器噪声能量主要集中在中低频范围内,且具备明显的线谱噪声特征。针对该噪声特点,提出了一种内插微穿孔板的双层带孔板型声学超材料的复合隔声结构。使用传递矩阵理论对该复合结构进行了分析,并在阻抗管中进行了实验验证。实验结果表明：该复合隔声结构具备针对性隔声要求,理论与实验传递损失曲线基本吻合。     

Estimation of effective parameters for microperforated panel absorbers and applications

Microperforated panel absorbers are used in many noise control applications as an alternative to fibrous materials. In the past, perforations were circular in shape. However, perforations are now often pressed or cut into the metal. They are non-circular and are irregular shaped and are difficult to model. A nonlinear least squares data-fitting algorithm is utilized to estimate geometric parameters from measured absorption coefficient data. The circular perforation model proposed by Maa is used in the algorithm. The estimated geometric parameters are then used to calculate transfer impedance with good agreement compared to measured data. The procedure is then used to aid in understanding the effect of manufacturing variations, and dust and fluid contamination on the performance of microperforated panel absorbers.     

基于扩张室消声器的座便器噪声控制研究

本文以虹吸式座便器为研究对象,将扩张室消声器应用于座便器管道结构设计中,采用CFD (computational Fluid Dynamics)软件对加装不同长度扩张室消声器的座便器模型进行了冲水过程数值模拟。在研究座便器噪声产生机理及扩张室消声器声学性能的基础上,进行座便器冲洗性能试验及噪声测量试验,分别研究了冲水量与冲洗噪声、冲水量与冲洗性能之间的关系。研究表明,安装扩张室消声器,不仅可以提高座便器的冲洗性能,还可以降低冲洗噪声,达到降噪节水的目的。     

A theoretical study on the effect of a permeable membrane in the air cavity of a double-leaf microperforated panel space sound absorber

A double-leaf microperforated panel absorber (DLMPP) is composed of a two microperforated panel (MPP) with a air cavity in-between, and without any backing structure. It shows a Helmholtz-type resonance peak absorption and additional low frequency absorption, therefore it can be used as a wideband space sound absorber. In this study, a theoretical study is made to examine the effect of a permeable membrane inside the air-cavity. Permeable membranes are studied in our previous studies and proved to be effective to improve the sound absorption performance of various type MPP sound absorbers. We investigate the absorption characteristics of a DLMPP with a permeable membrane in the cavity through numerical examples, and also studied the effect of honeycomb in the cavity of the same sound absorption structure.     

汽车排气消声器的正向设计研究*

本文以实现汽车排气消声器的正向设计为目的,提出消声器的开发思路:首先采用从分析设计目标到确定总体方案,再到具体设计的路线,结合Virtual.Lab Acoustics、GT-Power和Fluent等数值分析软件与发动机台架试验。然后以主消声器的设计为主,副消声器的设计为辅;以声学性能为主,流场及其他性能为辅。再通过对消声频率的分析,逐级设计消声结构并进行组合、验证和改进,并在与企业提供的消声器方案进行对比后初步判断设计方案的可行性。最后通过实验验证了消声器设计方案的综合性能达到设计目标,表明了本文提出的消声器正向开发思路的合理性,在汽车排气消声器的设计开发上具有实用价值。     

Sound absorption of microperforated panel mounted with helmholtz resonators

Microperforated panel (MPP) absorbers have been widely used in noise reduction and are regarded as a promising alternative to the traditional porous materials. However, the absorption bandwidth of a single-layer MPP is insufficient to compete with the porous materials. In order to improve the sound absorption ability of the single-layer MPP, MPP mounted with Helmholtz resonators (MPPHR) is introduced. Based on the MPP, Helmholtz resonators theory and electro-acoustical equivalent circuit principle, sound absorption properties of MPPHR are studied. Simulation and experimental results show that MPPHR have two peak frequencies and one anti-resonant frequency. The low-frequency peak is dependent on the Helmholtz resonators, while the high frequency peak is close to the peak of the single-layer MPP. The low-frequency sound absorption peaks move to low frequency with the neck length and the volume of Helmholtz resonators increasing. The high-frequency sound absorption peaks move to high frequency with the volume of Helmholtz resonators cavity increasing. Multiple Helmholtz resonator parallel MPP structure can provide more sound absorption than single MPPHR at low frequency range due to the introduction of more additional sound absorption peaks.     

Experimental study on variation of acoustical resonance frequency of duct with orifice depending on periodic motion

Recently, a linear compressor has been actively developed to improve the energy efficiency of home appliances, such as refrigerators. Unlike a reciprocating compressor, the suction part of a linear compressor is periodically moving. Therefore, the suction valve and the muffler constituting the suction part are periodically moving. However, up to now, there has been no research into the characteristics of the sound propagation in a periodically moving acoustic system. Thus, in this study, characteristics of sound propagation in a periodically moving acoustic system were investigated for the first time. Among a variety of acoustic filters used in a suction muffler, the change in the orifice impedance has been observed because this change is considered to be easily affected by periodically moving. Due to difficulty in measuring the orifice impedance in a periodically moving acoustic system, the change in the orifice impedance was predicted from the change in the input impedance of the suction muffler that included orifice. The experiments were carried out while changing the diameter and the pattern of orifice as well as length of the duct. As a result of experiments, the impedance of periodically moving orifice was changed depending on diameter, pattern of orifice and frequency band. Therefore, if periodically moving orifice was used to design a suction muffler in linear compressor or acoustic system, the change in the orifice impedance should be taken into consideration.     

A generalized scheme for analysis of multifarious commercially used mufflers

Commercial automotive mufflers are often too complex to be broken into a cascade of one-dimensional elements with predetermined transfer matrices. The one-dimensional (1-D) scheme presented in this paper is based on an algorithm that uses user-friendly visual volume elements along with the theory of transfer matrix based muffler analysis. This work attempts to exploit the speed of the one-dimensional analysis with the flexibility, generality and user-friendliness of three-dimensional analysis using geometric modeling. A code based on the developed algorithm has been employed to demonstrate the generality of the proposed method in analyzing commercial mufflers by considering three very diverse classes of mufflers with different kinds of combinations of reactive, perforated and absorptive elements. Though the examples used in the paper are not very complex for they are meant to be just representative cases of certain classes of mufflers, yet the algorithm can handle a large domain of commercial mufflers of high degree of complexity. Results from the present algorithm have been validated through comparisons with both the analytical (plane wave based) and the more general, three-dimensional FEM based results. The forte of the proposed method is its power to construct the system matrix consistent with the boundary conditions from the geometrical model to evaluate the four-pole parameters of the entire muffler and thence its transmission loss, etc. Thus, the algorithm can be used in conjunction with the transfer matrix based muffler programs to analyze the entire exhaust system of an automobile.     

Numerical studies on venting system with multi-chamber perforated mufflers by GA optimization

Research on new techniques of perforated silencers has been well addressed and developed; however, the research work in shape optimization for a volume-constrained silence requested upon the demands of operation and maintenance inside a constrained machine room is rare. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to not only analyze the sound transmission loss of a multi-chamber perforated muffler but also to optimize the best design shape under space-constrained condition.In this paper, both the generalized decoupling technique and plane wave theory are used. The four-pole system matrix in evaluating the acoustic performance of sound transmission loss (STL) is also deduced in conjunction with a genetic algorithm (GA). To demonstrate the precision of the tuning ability in a muffler, various targeted pure tones are proposed in numerical cases. Results reveal that the maximal acoustical performance precisely occurred in the desired frequency. Furthermore, a noise reduction with respect to full-band exhausted noise emitted from a diesel engine is also introduced and assessed. To achieve a better optimization in GA, several test parameter values were used. Before a GA operation can be carried out, the accuracy of the mathematical models have to be checked by experimental data.The optimal result in eliminating full-band noise reveals that the overall noise reduction of a multi-chamber muffler can achieve 68 dB under space-constraint conditions. Consequently, the approach used for the optimal design of the STL proposed in this study is indeed easy, economical and quite effective.